Emulsions

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Emulsion Formation And Stability

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Author : Tharwat F. Tadros
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-06-04

Emulsion Formation And Stability written by Tharwat F. Tadros and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-04 with Science categories.

The importance of emulsification techniques, their use in the production of nanoparticles for biomedical applications as well as application of rheological techniques for studying the interaction between the emulsion droplets is gathered in this reference work. Written by some of the top scientists within their respective fields, this book covers such topics as emulsions, nano-emulsions, nano-dispersions and novel techniques for their investigation. It also considers the fundamental approach in areas such as controlled release, drug delivery and various applications of nanotechnology.

Emulsions

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Author : Tharwat F. Tadros
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2016-03-21

Emulsions written by Tharwat F. Tadros and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Chapter 1 General Introduction Definition of emulsions and the role of the emulsifier. Classification based on the nature of the emulsifier. Classification based on the structure of the system. General instability problems with emulsions : creaming/sedimentation, flocculation, Ostwald ripening, coalescence and phase inversion. Importance of emulsions in various industrial applications. Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Emulsion Formation and Breakdown Application of the second law of thermodynamics for emulsion formation : Balance of energy and entropy and non-spontaneous formation of emulsions. Breakdown of the emulsion by flocculation and coalescence in the absence of an emulsifier. Role of the emulsifier in preventing flocculation and coalescence by creating an energy barrier resulting from the repulsive energies between the droplets. Chapter 3 Interaction Forces between Emulsion Droplets Van der Waals attraction and its dependence on droplet size, Hamaker constant and separation distance between the droplets. Electrostatic repulsion resulting from the presence of electrical double layers and its dependence on surface (or zeta) potential and electrolyte concentration and valency. Combination of the van der Waals attraction with double layer repulsion and the theory of colloid stability. Steric repulsion resulting from the presence of adsorbed non-ionic surfactants and polymers. Combination of van der Waals attraction with steric repulsion and the theory of steric stabilisation. Chapter 4 Adsorption of Surfactants at the Oil/Water Interface Thermodynamic analysis of surfactant adsorption and the Gibbs adsorption isotherm. Calculation of the amount of surfactant adsorption and area per surfactant molecule at the interface. Experimental techniques for measuring the interfacial tension. Chapter 5 Mechanism of Emulsification and the Role of the Emulsifier Description of the factors responsible for droplet deformation and its break-up. Role of surfactant in preventing coalescence during emulsification. Definition of the Gibbs dilational elasticity and the Marangoni effect in preventing coalescence. Chapter 6 Methods of Emulsification Pipe flow, static mixers and high speed stirrers (rotor-stator mixer). Laminar and turbulent flow. Membrane emulsification. High pressure homogenisers and ultrasonic methods. Chapter 7 Selection of Emulsifiers The hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) and its application in surfactant selection. Calculation of HLB numbers and the effect of the nature of the oil phase. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method for emulsifier selection. The cohesive energy ratio method for emulsifier selection. Chapter 8 Creaming/Sedimentation of Emulsions and its prevention Driving force for creaming/sedimentation: effect of gravity, droplet size and density difference between the oil and continuous phase. Calculation of the rate of creaming/sedimentation in dilute emulsions. Influence of increase of the volume fraction of the disperse phase on the rate of creaming/sedimentation. Reduction of creaming/sedimentation: Balance of the density of the two phases, reduction of droplet size and effect of addition of ''thickeners'. Chapter 9 Flocculation of Emulsions and its Prevention Factors affecting flocculation. Calculation of fast and slow flocculation rate. Definition of stability ratio and its dependence on electrolyte concentration and valency. Definition of the critical coagulation concentration and its dependence on electrolyte valency. Reduction of flocculation by enhancing the repulsive forces. Chapter 10 Ostwald Ripening and its Reduction Factors responsible for Ostwald ripening : difference in solubility between small and large droplets and the Kelvin equation. Calculation of the rate of Ostwald ripening. Reduction of Ostwald ripening by incorporation of a small amount of highly insoluble oil. Reduction of Ostwald ripening by the use of strongly adsorbed polymeric surfactant and enhancement of the Gibbs elasticity. Chapter 11 Emulsion Coalescence and its Prevention Driving force for emulsion coalescence : Thinning and disruption of the liquid film between the droplets. The concept of disjoining pressure for prevention of coalescence. Methods for reduction or elimination of coalescence : Use of mixed surfactant films, use of lamellar liquid crystalline phases and use of polymeric surfactants. Chapter 12 Phase Inversion and its Prevention Distinction between catastrophic and transient phase inversion. Influence of the disperse volume fraction and surfactant HLB number. Explanation of the factors responsible for phase inversion. Chapter 13 Characterisation of Emulsions Measurement of droplet size distribution : Optical microscopy and image analysis. Phase contrast and polarising microscopyDiffraction methods. Confocal laser microscopy. Back scattering methods Chapter 14 Industrial Application of Emulsions 14.1 Application in Pharmacy 14.2 Application in Cosmetics 14.3 Application in Agrochemicals 14.4 Application in Paints 14.5 Application in the Oil Industry

Encyclopedic Handbook Of Emulsion Technology

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Author : Johan Sjoblom
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2001-03-16

Encyclopedic Handbook Of Emulsion Technology written by Johan Sjoblom and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-03-16 with Science categories.

A discussion of fundamental characteristics, theories and applications for liquid-liquid colloidal dispersions. It profiles experimental and traditional measurement techniques in a variety of emulsified systems, including rheology, nuclear magnetic resonance, dielectric spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, video enhanced microscopy, and conductivity.

Modern Aspects Of Emulsion Science

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Author : Bernard P. Binks
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 1998

Modern Aspects Of Emulsion Science written by Bernard P. Binks and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Science categories.

Emulsions occur either as end products or during the processing of products in various areas, including the food, agrochemical, pharmaceutical, paint & oil industries. Despite over one hundred years of research in the subject, however, a quantitative understanding of emulsions has been lacking. Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science presents a comprehensive description of the scientific principles in the field & the very latest advances in research in this important area of surface & colloid science. Topics covered include emulsion formation, type, stability (creaming, flocculation, ripening, coalescence), monodisperse & gel emulsions, & applications. Emphasis has been placed on relating the chemistry of the surfactant or protein adsorbed at the oil-water interface to the principles of the physics involved in the bulk emulsion property. The book has been written by leading experts in the field & covers both experimental & theoretical approaches. The only book in print on this topic, it will prove essential reading for graduate students & researchers in industry. Contents: Emulsions - Recent Advances in Understanding.- Emulsion Formation.- Emulsion Formation by Nucleation & Growth Mechanisms.- Emulsion Flocculation & Creaming.- Rheology of Emulsions - The Relationship to Structure & Stability.- Phase Inversion & Drop Formation in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Dispersions in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactants.- Coalescence in Emulsions.- Lifetime & Destruction of Concentrated Emulsions Undergoing Coalescence.- Molecular Diffusion in Emulsions & Emulsion Mixtures.- Interactions & Macroscopic Properties of Emulsions & Microemulsions.- Gel Emulsions - Relationship between Phase Behaviour & Formation.- Applications of Emulsions.- Subject Index.

Encyclopedia Of Emulsion Technology

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Author : Daniel Schuster
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1996-06-12

Encyclopedia Of Emulsion Technology written by Daniel Schuster and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-06-12 with Science categories.

This volume extends the discussions of basic theory and applications featured in volumes 1-3 of this series. It includes details on emulsion stability and emulsification; an examination on the effect of added polymers on emulsion rheology; findings on the role of repulsive forces in aqueous solubility, micelle stability, micro-emulsion formation, and phase separation; and a model for microemulsions.

Emulsions

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Author : Johan Sjöblom
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1992

Emulsions written by Johan Sjöblom and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Science categories.

The fundamental side of this book covers general aspects of stability, interfacial adsorption mechanisms, interfacial rheology, direct measurements of surface forces and the bulk rheological properties of emulsions, and self-diffusion properties as measured by NMR. The applications side covers the fields of food, crude oil and pharmaceutical emulsions. A central topic in the study of food emulsions is the role played by proteins at the water/oil interface, their conformations, and the mechanism by which they can be replaced at the interface (competitive adsorption).

Emulsion Science

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Author : Jerome Bibette
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2002-11-27

Emulsion Science written by Jerome Bibette and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-11-27 with Medical categories.

Emulsions occur either as end products or during the processing of products in a huge range of areas including the food, agrochemical, pharmaceuticals, paints and oil industries. As end products, emulsions allow to avoid organic solvent in processing hydrophobic coatings. Emulsion technology is a suitable approach to vehicle viscous phases. It is also a remarkable mean of targeting actives or capturing specific species. The range of applications of emulsions progresses and their manufacturing becomes more and more sophisticated. Besides this broad domain of technological interest, emulsions are raising a variety of fundamental questions at the frontier between physic and chem istry. Indeed, as a class of soft colloidal materials, emulsions science is linked to various aspects of these disciplines: phase transitions, surface forces and wetting, metastability and hydrodynamic instabilities, mechanical properties and flow. The aim of this book is to review the main important concepts governing emulsion science. In Chapter 2, repulsive interactions between liquid films are discussed as well as adhesive interaction related to wetting. In Chap ter 3, consequences of weak and strong attractions are presented, related to the well accepted liquid solid transition analogy. In Chapter 4, the basics of both bulk compressibility and shear elasticity are presented, the role of disorder being the most important aspect of the elastic behavior of these soft systems. In Chapter 5 the central question of the emulsion lifetime related to metastability is discussed.

Emulsion Science

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Author : Fernando Leal-Calderon
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-08-10

Emulsion Science written by Fernando Leal-Calderon and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-10 with Science categories.

This book gives an overview of the most recent advances in emulsion science, from the preparation to the destruction of these materials. This book is intended for a large audience, from undergraduate students to senior scientists. A progressive and didactic approach is proposed for that purpose. The concepts presented should provide a useful guidance for formulating and controlling the lifetime of emulsion at laboratory and industrial scales. For easy comprehension, the text is illustrated by more than 70 figures. This book is a new edition of the one published in the series "Springer Tracts in Modern Physics (vol. 181)". The main difference is a more didactic approach which will allow the non-specialist reader to capture the essential concepts. We shall also incorporate the very last research results (solid-stabilized emulsions, metastability) and novel applications (Biotechnology).

Emulsions And Emulsion Stability

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Author : Johan Sjoblom
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1996-03-22

Emulsions And Emulsion Stability written by Johan Sjoblom and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-03-22 with Science categories.

This is an amalgamation of all the essential theories on emulsion systems. It also examines practical emulsification techniques, which include flocculation, creaming, sedimentation and coalescence, as well as their applications in crude-oil-based emulsions, food emulsions, and alkyd emulsions.;The text provides an extensive overview of the most recent developments in microemulsions, and delineates the differences between microemulsions and macroemulsions.

Multiple Emulsion

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Author : Abraham Aserin
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2007-11-12

Multiple Emulsion written by Abraham Aserin and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-12 with Science categories.

The Comprehensive, Single-Source Reference on Multiple Emulsions In theory, multiple emulsions have significant potential for breakthrough applications in food, agricultural, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries in which they can facilitate the sustained release and transport of active material. However, in practice, multiple emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. This book presents recent findings that can help formulators understand how to enhance their stability. With chapters contributed by leading experts from around the world, it covers the definition and properties of multiple emulsions, their formation and stability, and potential applications, with an emphasis on medical and pharmaceutical applications. In one definitive resource, it presents recent findings and achievements in the field, including: New theoretical approaches and modeling to characterize the transport mechanism Droplet size reduction and increased shelf life stability through the use of polymeric amphiphiles and complex adducts The use of new emulsification techniques to enhance the monodispersibility of the droplets Potential applications in drug delivery systems where clinical studies have proven their efficacy This is a core, hands-on reference for surface and colloid scientists, physical chemists, chemical engineers, soft materials scientists, food chemists, controlled release scientists, and pharmaceutical scientists in drug delivery applications, as well as for graduate students in these disciplines. The editor and contributors hope this logical consolidation of current information will further the understanding of multiple emulsions and lead to new, practical applications.