The Gibraltar Crusade
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The Gibraltar Crusade
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Author : Joseph F. O'Callaghan
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2011-03-17
The Gibraltar Crusade written by Joseph F. O'Callaghan and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-17 with History categories.
The epic battle for control of the Strait of Gibraltar waged by Castile, Morocco, and Granada in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries is a major, but often overlooked, chapter in the history of the Christian reconquest of Spain. After the Castilian conquest of Seville in 1248 and the submission of the Muslim kingdom of Granada as a vassal state, the Moors no longer loomed as a threat and the reconquest seemed to be over. Still, in the following century, the Castilian kings, prompted by ideology and strategy, attempted to dominate the Strait. As self-proclaimed heirs of the Visigoths, they aspired not only to reconstitute the Visigothic kingdom by expelling the Muslims from Spain but also to conquer Morocco as part of the Visigothic legacy. As successive bands of Muslims over the centuries had crossed the Strait from Morocco into Spain, the kings of Castile recognized the strategic importance of securing Algeciras, Gibraltar, and Tarifa, the ports long used by the invaders. At a time when European enthusiasm for the crusade to the Holy Land was on the wane, the Christian struggle for the Strait received the character of a crusade as papal bulls conferred the crusading indulgence as well as ancillary benefits. The Gibraltar Crusade had mixed results. Although the Castilians seized Gibraltar in 1309 and Algeciras in 1344, the Moors eventually repossessed them. Only Tarifa, captured in 1292, remained in Castilian hands. Nevertheless, the power of the Marinid dynasty of Morocco was broken at the battle of Salado in 1340, and for the remainder of the Middle Ages Spain was relieved of the threat of Moroccan invasion. While the reconquest remained dormant during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada, the last Muslim outpost in Spain, in 1492. In subsequent years Castile fulfilled its earlier aspirations by establishing a foothold in Morocco.
Reconquest And Crusade In Medieval Spain
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Author : Joseph F. O'Callaghan
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2004-02-24
Reconquest And Crusade In Medieval Spain written by Joseph F. O'Callaghan and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-02-24 with History categories.
Drawing from both Christian and Islamic sources, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain demonstrates that the clash of arms between Christians and Muslims in the Iberian peninsula that began in the early eighth century was transformed into a crusade by the papacy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Successive popes accorded to Christian warriors willing to participate in the peninsular wars against Islam the same crusading benefits offered to those going to the Holy Land. Joseph F. O'Callaghan clearly demonstrates that any study of the history of the crusades must take a broader view of the Mediterranean to include medieval Spain. Following a chronological overview of crusading in the Iberian peninsula from the late eleventh to the middle of the thirteenth century, O'Callaghan proceeds to the study of warfare, military finance, and the liturgy of reconquest and crusading. He concludes his book with a consideration of the later stages of reconquest and crusade up to and including the fall of Granada in 1492, while noting that the spiritual benefits of crusading bulls were still offered to the Spanish until the Second Vatican Council of 1963. Although the conflict described in this book occurred more than eight hundred years ago, recent events remind the world that the intensity of belief, rhetoric, and action that gave birth to crusade, holy war, and jihad remains a powerful force in the twenty-first century.
The Last Crusade In The West
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Author : Joseph F. O'Callaghan
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2014-04-18
The Last Crusade In The West written by Joseph F. O'Callaghan and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-18 with History categories.
By the middle of the fourteenth century, Christian control of the Iberian Peninsula extended to the borders of the emirate of Granada, whose Muslim rulers acknowledged Castilian suzerainty. No longer threatened by Moroccan incursions, the kings of Castile were diverted from completing the Reconquest by civil war and conflicts with neighboring Christian kings. Mindful, however, of their traditional goal of recovering lands formerly ruled by the Visigoths, whose heirs they claimed to be, the Castilian monarchs continued intermittently to assault Granada until the late fifteenth century. Matters changed thereafter, when Fernando and Isabel launched a decade-long effort to subjugate Granada. Utilizing artillery and expending vast sums of money, they methodically conquered each Naṣrid stronghold until the capitulation of the city of Granada itself in 1492. Effective military and naval organization and access to a diversity of financial resources, joined with papal crusading benefits, facilitated the final conquest. Throughout, the Naṣrids had emphasized the urgency of a jihād waged against the Christian infidels, while the Castilians affirmed that the expulsion of the "enemies of our Catholic faith" was a necessary, just, and holy cause. The fundamentally religious character of this last stage of conflict cannot be doubted, Joseph F. O'Callaghan argues.
The Crusades
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Author : George William Cox
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1874
The Crusades written by George William Cox and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1874 with Crusades categories.
History Of The Crusades
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Author : Joseph Fr. Michaud
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1900
History Of The Crusades written by Joseph Fr. Michaud and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1900 with Crusades categories.
A Short History Of The Crusades
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Author : Jacob Isidor Mombert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1894
A Short History Of The Crusades written by Jacob Isidor Mombert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1894 with Crusades categories.
History Of The Crusades
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Author : George Procter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1889
History Of The Crusades written by George Procter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1889 with Crusades categories.
The Fall Of Constantinople Bring The Story Of The Fourth Crusade
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Author : Edwin Pears, LL..B.
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1885
The Fall Of Constantinople Bring The Story Of The Fourth Crusade written by Edwin Pears, LL..B. and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1885 with categories.
The Crusades
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Author : Thomas Andrew Archer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1894
The Crusades written by Thomas Andrew Archer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1894 with Crusades categories.
The Crusades With A Map
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Author : George William Cox
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1874
The Crusades With A Map written by George William Cox and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1874 with categories.