The Bilingual Advantage
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The Bilingual Advantage
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Author : Diane Rodriguez
language : en
Publisher: Teachers College Press
Release Date : 2014
The Bilingual Advantage written by Diane Rodriguez and has been published by Teachers College Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Education categories.
This comprehensive account of bilingualism examines the importance of using students' native languages as a tool for supporting higher levels of learning. The authors highlight the social, linguistic, neuro-cognitive, and academic advantages of bilingualism, as well as the challenges faced by English language learners and their teachers in schools across the United States. They describe effective strategies for using native languages, even when the teacher lacks proficiency in that language. This resource addresses both the latest research and theory on native language instruction, along with its practical application (the what, the why, and how) in K-8 classrooms.
Perspectives On The Bilingual Advantage Challenges And Opportunities
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Author : Peter Bright
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-09-05
Perspectives On The Bilingual Advantage Challenges And Opportunities written by Peter Bright and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-05 with categories.
The claim that multilanguage acquisition drives advantages in ‘executive function’ is currently an issue of vigorous debate in academic literature. Critics argue that evidence for this advantage has been confounded by unsound or questionable methodological practices, with some investigators abandoning research in this area altogether, indicating either that there is no bilingual advantage or that it is impossible to capture and therefore rule out alternative explanations for group differences. Over the past decade, and against this backdrop, theory has developed from a relatively narrow focus on inhibitory control to incorporate theory of mind, rule-based learning, reactive and proactive control, visuo-spatial memory, and control of verbal interference in speech comprehension. Most recently, authors have claimed that the process of becoming bilingual may also impact on metacognitive abilities. The fundamental issue is whether the limited capacity and goal-directed selectivity of our executive system can somehow be enhanced or otherwise profit from the continuous, intense competition associated with communicating in multilingual environments. However, although this issue has received much attention in academic literature, the question of which cognitive mechanisms are most influenced by the enhanced competition associated with multilingual contexts remains unresolved. Therefore, rather than dismissing this important topic, we advocate a more systematic approach in which the effects of multilinguistic experience are assessed and interpreted across well-defined stages of cognitive development. We encourage a broad, developmentally informed approach to plotting the trajectory of interactions between multi-language learning and cognitive development, using a convergence of neuroimaging and behavioral methods, across the whole lifespan. Moreover, we suggest that the current theoretical framing of the bilingual advantage is simplistic, and this issue may limit attempts to identify specific mechanisms most likely to be modulated by multilingual experience. For example, there is a tendency in academic literature to treat ‘executive function’ as an essentially unitary fronto-parietal system recruited in response to all manner of cognitive demand, yet performance across so called ‘executive function’ tasks is highly variable and intercorrelations are sometimes low. It may be the case that some ‘higher level’ mechanisms of 'executive function' remain relatively unaffected, while others are more sensitive to multilingual experience – and that there may be disadvantages as well as advantages, which themselves may be sensitive to factors such as age. In our view, there is an urgent need to take a more fine-grained approach to this issue, so that the strength and direction of changes in diverse cognitive abilities associated with multilanguage acquisition can be better understood. This book compiles work from psychologists and neuroscientists who actively research whether, how, and the extent to which multilanguage acquisition promotes enhanced cognition or protects against age-related cognitive or neurological deterioration. We hope this collection encourages future efforts to drive theoretical progress well beyond the highly simplistic issue of whether the bilingual cognitive advantage is real or spurious.
Individual Variation And The Bilingual Advantage Factors That Modulate The Effect Of Bilingualism On Cognitive Control And Cognitive Reserve
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Author : Maurits Van den Noort
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-02-11
Individual Variation And The Bilingual Advantage Factors That Modulate The Effect Of Bilingualism On Cognitive Control And Cognitive Reserve written by Maurits Van den Noort and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-11 with Social Science categories.
The number of bilingual and multilingual speakers around the world is steadily growing, leading to the questions: How do bilinguals manage two or more language systems in their daily interactions, and how does being bilingual/multilingual affect brain functioning and vice versa? Previous research has shown that cognitive control plays a key role in bilingual language management. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that foreign languages have been found to affect not only the expected linguistic domains, but surprisingly, other non-linguistic domains such as cognitive control, attention, inhibition, and working memory. Somehow, learning languages seems to affect executive/brain functioning. In the literature, this is referred to as the bilingual advantage, meaning that people who learn two or more languages seem to outperform monolinguals in executive functioning skills. In this Special Issue, we first present studies that investigate the bilingual advantage. We also go one step further, by focusing on factors that modulate the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control. In the second, smaller part of our Special Issue, we focus on the cognitive reserve hypothesis with the aim of addressing the following questions: Does the daily use of two or more languages protect the aging individual against cognitive decline? Does lifelong bilingualism protect against brain diseases, such as dementia, later in life?
The Bilingual Advantage
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Author : Rebecca M. Callahan
language : en
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
Release Date : 2014-09-01
The Bilingual Advantage written by Rebecca M. Callahan and has been published by Multilingual Matters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Using novel methodological approaches and new data, The Bilingual Advantage draws together researchers from education, economics, sociology, anthropology and linguistics to examine the economic and employment benefits of bilingualism in the US labor market, countering past research that shows no such benefits exist.
Individual Variation And The Bilingual Advantage Factors That Modulate The Effect Of Bilingualism On Cognitive Control And Cognitive Reserve
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Author : Maurits Van den Noort
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Individual Variation And The Bilingual Advantage Factors That Modulate The Effect Of Bilingualism On Cognitive Control And Cognitive Reserve written by Maurits Van den Noort and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Psychology categories.
The number of bilingual and multilingual speakers around the world is steadily growing, leading to the questions: How do bilinguals manage two or more language systems in their daily interactions, and how does being bilingual/multilingual affect brain functioning and vice versa? Previous research has shown that cognitive control plays a key role in bilingual language management. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that foreign languages have been found to affect not only the expected linguistic domains, but surprisingly, other non-linguistic domains such as cognitive control, attention, inhibition, and working memory. Somehow, learning languages seems to affect executive/brain functioning. In the literature, this is referred to as the bilingual advantage, meaning that people who learn two or more languages seem to outperform monolinguals in executive functioning skills. In this Special Issue, we first present studies that investigate the bilingual advantage. We also go one step further, by focusing on factors that modulate the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control. In the second, smaller part of our Special Issue, we focus on the cognitive reserve hypothesis with the aim of addressing the following questions: Does the daily use of two or more languages protect the aging individual against cognitive decline? Does lifelong bilingualism protect against brain diseases, such as dementia, later in life?
The Bilingual Advantage On Recollection And Familiarity
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Author : Nikita Adhikari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
The Bilingual Advantage On Recollection And Familiarity written by Nikita Adhikari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Bilingualism categories.
Extensive evidence has shown that individuals who speak two languages have advantages in cognitive functions such as attention, inhibition, multi-tasking, and memory, compared those who only speak one language. This finding is known as the bilingual advantage (BA) hypothesis. This advantage has been most evident in difficult nonverbal tasks, such as the Simon task, the Stroop task, and the Flanker task. However, the BA hypothesis has also been met with criticism, with some researchers stating that cognitive differences between bilinguals and monolinguals do not exist. The current study examined the performance of 68 college students, 39 monolingual and 29 bilingual, on a variant of the process dissociation procedure (PDP) to measure recognition of colorful, abstract fractal images. The variant of the PDP utilized two lists of images presented to the participants during the study phase, followed by a testing phase for studied and new images, to compare values for test item status (inclusion, exclusion, and false alarm rates). The present study also made comparisons between values for familiarity (F) and recognition (R) using formulas devised by Jacoby (1991). I predicted that bilinguals would exhibit their best performance in the difficult condition and have higher inclusion rates, along with lower exclusion rates, than monolinguals. I also predicted that bilinguals would have higher recollection values than monolinguals in the difficult condition. Significant differences were found between the inclusion, exclusion, and false alarm rates. The easy condition also had significantly higher familiarity values than the hard condition. However, my hypotheses were unsupported, and no significant differences were found for test item status or recollection between bilinguals and monolinguals.
The Bilingual Advantage In Executive Functioning Hypothesis
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Author : Kenneth Paap
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2022-12-30
The Bilingual Advantage In Executive Functioning Hypothesis written by Kenneth Paap and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-30 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The Bilingual Advantage in Executive Functioning Hypothesis is a ground-breaking book that explores one of the liveliest debates in bilingualism and cognitive psychology. It examines the hypothesis that using two languages leads to the enhancement of domain-general executive functioning (EF) and argues that either the bilingual advantage does not exist or is restricted to very specific circumstances. The conclusion extends to situations where EF is referred to as self-control, self-regulation, self-discipline, attention-control, impulse control, inhibitory control, cognitive control, and willpower. The book explores the evolving core assumptions underlying the bilingual advantage hypothesis, framing the debate within the broader context of a replication crisis. It provides a critical review of seminal studies and meta-analyses and argues that the empirical evidence does not support a bilingual advantage on EF that is distinguishable from zero. Part I lays the foundation for the debate, providing the background needed to understand the state-of-the-art research on EF and bilingual language control. The next part then provides a detailed review of the empirical evidence triggering each iteration of the hypothesis. This includes new data that compares tests of the bilingual advantage hypothesis based on self-reports of cognitive control to performance-based measures of EF. A third theoretical part considers several explanations for why managing two languages may not enhance aspects of domain-general cognition. This is essential reading for students and scholars in bilingualism, psychology, linguistics, languages, speech and hearing science, and related fields. It also serves as an excellent primary source for graduate courses on the bilingual advantage debate, and is useful for advanced undergraduate courses in psycholinguistics, cognition or bilingualism.
Examining The Bilingual Advantage In Visuospatial Executive Function Tasks For Regular Use Bilinguals
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Author : Jessica A. Jensen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Examining The Bilingual Advantage In Visuospatial Executive Function Tasks For Regular Use Bilinguals written by Jessica A. Jensen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
We tested the hypothesis that young adult bilinguals show a significant advantage relative to young adult monolinguals in two visuospatial executive function (EF) tasks, the Simon task and the Corsi task. The focus was on bilinguals who reported being exposed to all of their languages on a regular basis (i.e., used no language more than 60% of the time). Regular language use has been identified in past theoretical positions as an important mechanism contributing to a bilingual advantage. In many previous studies of bilingualism and EF, which have produced conflicting results, researchers have included verbal components, as opposed to visuospatial tasks of working memory. Consequently, inconsistent results across previous studies could be due, at least in part, to differences in verbal abilities between monolinguals and bilinguals. Tests that use verbal components to examine EF may be probing verbal abilities, rather than EF. Visuospatial tasks, including the Simon (Bialystok, 1999) and Corsi (Berch et al., 1998) tasks, provided an opportunity to measure EF performance without the possible confounding factor of verbal ability. The data indicate patterns of a bilingual advantage in conditions that place heavier demands on EF, although not statistically significant. Results based on comparisons of bilinguals and monolinguals are tentative until a larger sample size of bilinguals is obtained.
A Study Of The Relationship Between Code Switching And The Bilingual Advantage
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Author : Angélique Michelle Blackburn
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
A Study Of The Relationship Between Code Switching And The Bilingual Advantage written by Angélique Michelle Blackburn and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Bilingualism categories.
Bilinguals sometimes outperform age-matched monolinguals on non-language tasks involving cognitive control. But the bilingual advantage is not consistently found in every experiment and may reflect specific attributes of the bilinguals tested. The goal of this dissertation was to determine if the way in which bilinguals use language, specifically switching between languages within a conversation (code switching) or refraining from this behavior, plays a role in the sporadic bilingual advantage. The bilingual advantage may arise from managing interference from one language in order to stay in the other, or from inhibiting one language in order to switch into the other. If language switching engages a general inhibitory mechanism to stop speaking in one language and switch to the other, bilinguals who frequently code switch ("switchers") might outperform bilingual "non-switchers" on non-language inhibition tasks. Alternatively, if the bilingual advantage results from frequent inhibition of interference from one language to stay in the other, non-switchers might outperform switchers. The Assessment of Code-Switching Experience Survey (ACSES) was created to obtain an objective, rapid, and reliable measure for Spanish-English bilinguals' code-switching frequency. Then, event-related potentials (ERPs) of bilinguals with varied code-switching frequency were measured during a language task, lending validity to the survey. Semantic violations in code-switched and non-switched words were embedded in sentences as probes to determine how code-switches are processed and whether processing of code-switches is modulated by code-switching experience. The amplitude of a code switching positivity (typically elicited to a code-switch), but not the amplitude of the N400 (typically elicited to a semantic anomaly), was modulated by code-switching frequency. This indicates that code-switching experience affects processing of a code-switch but not semantic retrieval. During Simon and Flanker inhibition tasks, which require suppression of interference from incongruent stimulus cues, a larger N2 ERP was elicited for incongruent versus congruent trials. The amplitude of this N2 congruity effect is typically correlated with inhibitory control ability. The effect was carried by the non-switchers; switchers and monolinguals did not differ. Thus, a general bilingual advantage was not found. Rather, non-switchers manifested a larger neural response linked to inhibitory control of interference, which may result from inhibiting interference in one language in order to stay in the other. However, no difference between switchers, non-switchers, and monolinguals was found on inhibition tasks that required simple response inhibition in the absence of interference. Thus, language production may differentially tap into existing cognitive control mechanisms that are specific to the way in which we are using language. I have interpreted the non-switcher interference suppression advantage in terms of recent studies demonstrating switching benefits in switchers and spatial benefits in bilinguals who use sign language. I suggest refining the definition of the bilingual advantage to include multiple aspects of cognition that are differentially affected by language experience.
Exploring The Bilingual Advantage In Executive Control
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Author : Mythili Viswanathan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Exploring The Bilingual Advantage In Executive Control written by Mythili Viswanathan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Previous research has shown that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes such as inhibitory control, task switching and divided attention. The two studies presented in this dissertation investigated possible mechanisms underlying this bilingual advantage in executive control by examining the role of expectancies and goal maintenance in monolingual and bilingual younger (30 to 40 years) and older adults (60 to 80 years). In Chapter 2, the fadeout paradigm (Mayr & Liebscher, 2001) was used to examine differences in the ability to disengage from an irrelevant task cue. Testing began with single task blocks of shape and colour classifications presented separately, followed by a task switching block in which the two tasks alternated randomly. On trial 49, one of the tasks became irrelevant, leaving only a single task to perform. The critical variable was the point at which participants performance reflected this change by examining the number of trials required to return to single task block speed. Results showed that both younger and older bilinguals returned to single task block speeds sooner than monolinguals. The results were interpreted as showing that bilinguals were better able to use task cues to improve task performance and that outsourcing control to task cues may be beneficial. In Chapter 3, a dual modality classification paradigm was used to determine the speed at which two tasks could be executed at the same time as a means of measuring the ability to sustain task goals. The task required participants to simultaneously respond manually to visual stimuli and verbally to auditory stimuli. Results revealed that younger and older bilinguals showed smaller costs in responding to two tasks whereas monolinguals experienced larger delays in making their responses. Proportion analysis of dual task costs and pairs of responses revealed a bilingual advantage and did not show any age-related increases in costs. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the strength in goal maintenance in bilinguals, allowing them to establish a task goal, control interference from stimulus pairings in order to uphold the goal, and to manage multiple streams of information, and these abilities are sustained in aging.