Projected Climate Change Effects On Vegetation And Hydrology In California Chaparral And Sierran Conifer Ecosystems

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Projected Climate Change Effects On Vegetation And Hydrology In California Chaparral And Sierran Conifer Ecosystems

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Author : Carla Marie D'Antonio
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Projected Climate Change Effects On Vegetation And Hydrology In California Chaparral And Sierran Conifer Ecosystems written by Carla Marie D'Antonio and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Chaparral ecology categories.

Canadian Journal Of Forest Research

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991

Canadian Journal Of Forest Research written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Forest genetics categories.

Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges

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Author : Andrzej Bytnerowicz
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19

Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Andrzej Bytnerowicz and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.

A review of the current status of air pollution and climate change (CC) in the United States from a perspective of their impacts on forest ecosystems is provided. Ambient ozone (O3) and nitrogen (N) deposition have important and widespread ecological impacts in U.S. forests. Effects of sulphurous (S) air pollutants and other trace pollutants have significant ecological importance only at much smaller geographic scales. Complex interactive effects of air pollution and CC for selected future CC scenarios are reviewed. In addition, simulations of past, present, and future hydrologic, nutrient, and growth changes caused by interactive effects of air pollution and CC are described for two U.S. forest ecosystems. Impacts of O3, N deposition, and CC on growth and hydrology of mixed conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California were projected with the DayCent model. Effects of N deposition, CO2 fertilization, N deposition, and CC on northern hardwood forests at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire were simulated with the PnET-BGC model. Projected changes in these forests can influence the provision of ecosystem services such as C sequestration and water supply. The extent of these effects will vary depending on the future intensity and extent of CC, air pollutant emission levels, the distribution of air pollution, and other factors such as drought, pest outbreaks, fire, etc. Our chapter ends with research and management recommendations intended to increase our ability to cope with uncertainties related to the future interactive effects of multiple air pollutants, atmospheric deposition, CC, and other biotic and abiotic stressors.

Climate Change Impacts On California Vegetation

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Author : William K. Cornwell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Climate Change Impacts On California Vegetation written by William K. Cornwell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Climatic changes categories.

Ecosystem Controls And The Impacts Of Climate On Vegetation Production And Patterns In California S Mountains

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Author : Aaron William Fellows
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Ecosystem Controls And The Impacts Of Climate On Vegetation Production And Patterns In California S Mountains written by Aaron William Fellows and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

Climate change is anticipated to have widespread impacts on the biosphere, including redistribution of vegetation and increases in tree mortality. In California, climate change is predicted to lead to warmer and possibly drier conditions. The response of vegetation to these changes remains uncertain due to our limited understanding of the sensitivity of vegetation to weather and the range of potential responses. This dissertation addresses these uncertainties by examining the effects of climate-mediated tree mortality and weather controls on vegetation in California's mountains. Climate-mediated tree mortality occurred in 2002-04 in the semi-arid San Jacinto Mountains, CA. Conifer tree mortality was widespread, rapid, and focused at low elevations. This pattern of tree mortality was consistent with reduced precipitation associated with climate variability. Increased mortality at low elevation rapidly drove mid-montane vegetation distributions upslope. Low elevation forests are thought to be vulnerable to climate change, but a limited understanding of their function constrains predictions of possible responses to changes in climate. We found that low elevation mixed conifer forests in Southern California maintain a year-round growing season by continuing carbon uptake in the cool winters, and extracting water stored from deep soils in the dry summers. Low elevation forests may be sensitive to certain changes in climate including increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit and reductions in precipitation. We hypothesized that reduced temperatures at high elevations and increased temperatures and reduced water availability at low elevations shape elevation patterns of canopy level photosynthesis in the San Jacinto Mountains. Short-term meteorological controls on canopy photosynthesis were insufficient to predict the elevational pattern of production. Additional controls may also be important, including controls on leaf-area, feedbacks and thresholds to growth, fire disturbances, and edaphic properties. Ecosystem level processes may also be affected by fire suppression. Increased forest stem density due to fire suppression in Western US forests is thought to account for a portion of the North American carbon sink. Stem density increased in California's mountains from 1930s- 1990s, but this did not appear to increase carbon stored in aboveground biomass due to a concomitant loss of large trees.

Climate Change Implications For Conifer Distribution And Water Resources Management In The Eastern Sierra Nevada California

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Author : Holly Alpert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

Climate Change Implications For Conifer Distribution And Water Resources Management In The Eastern Sierra Nevada California written by Holly Alpert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.

Valuing Chaparral

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Author : Emma C. Underwood
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-04-09

Valuing Chaparral written by Emma C. Underwood and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Chaparral shrubland ecosystems are an iconic feature of the California landscape, and a highly biodiverse yet highly flammable backdrop to some of the fastest growing urban areas in the United States. Chaparral-type ecosystems are a common element of all of the world’s Mediterranean-type climate regions – of which California is one – yet there is little public appreciation of the intrinsic value and the ecosystem services that these landscapes provide. Valuing Chaparral is a compendium of contributions from experts in chaparral ecology and management, with a focus on the human relationship with chaparral ecosystems. Chapters cover a wide variety of subjects, ranging from biodiversity to ecosystem services like water provision, erosion control, carbon sequestration and recreation; from the history of human interactions with chaparral to current education and conservation efforts; and from chaparral restoration and management to scenarios of the future under changing climate, land use, and human population. Valuing Chaparral will be of interest to resource managers, the research community, policy makers, and the public who live and work in the chaparral dominated landscapes of California and other Mediterranean-type climate regions.

California Forest And Shrubland Ecosystem Changes In Relation To Fire Fuel Hazard And Climate Change

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Author : Katherine Marie Johnston Wilkin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

California Forest And Shrubland Ecosystem Changes In Relation To Fire Fuel Hazard And Climate Change written by Katherine Marie Johnston Wilkin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.

Fire is an integral ecological process, however fire's impacts have been dramatically altered by people. In this dissertation I researched how fire ecology use to work and the vulnerability of ecosystems to fuel hazard reduction treatments by using a combination of experiments and landscape scale natural experiments throughout California. One of the best places to understand past fire behavior are the Wildland Fire Use areas in Sierran mixed conifer where I revealed that a forests' environment, local-scale fire experiences, and regional fire experiences foster a rich, but sparse understory plant community. Throughout Yosemite National Park's mixed conifer zone I examined the fire ecology of climate change refugia which have unique fire occurrence and severity patterns in frequent-fire mixed conifer forests of California's Sierra Nevada: cold-air pool refugia have less fire and if it occurs, it is lower severity. In Northern California's chaparral I examined fuel hazard reduction treatments and found that mastication and fire each have negative, yet unique influences on plant communities and fuel hazards which warrant examining other methods to protect people from chaparral fires. Overall these studies allow greater insight into our ecosystems and may help managers make informed fire management decisions.

The Effects Of Climate Change And Nitrogen Deposition On The Sierran Mixed Conifer Understory Plant Community

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Author : Matthew David Hurteau
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007

The Effects Of Climate Change And Nitrogen Deposition On The Sierran Mixed Conifer Understory Plant Community written by Matthew David Hurteau and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.

Simulated Response Of Ecosystem Processes To Climate Change In Northern California And Western Nevada

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Author : Maureen C. McGlinchy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011

Simulated Response Of Ecosystem Processes To Climate Change In Northern California And Western Nevada written by Maureen C. McGlinchy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Climatic changes categories.

In order to investigate potential climate impacts on landscape-scale ecosystem processes, I implemented a dynamic general vegetation model (DGVM) over a large domain in northern California and western Nevada on a rectangular grid of ca. 800-meter spatial resolution. I used 100 years of observed, monthly climate and nine future climate projections in an attempt to explore the range of possible climate futures in the region. I selected three general circulation models (MIROC3.2(medres), UKMO-HadCM3 and CSIRO-Mk3.0), incorporating a range of 2xCO2 temperature sensitivity. Each GCM was run through three carbon dioxide emissions scenarios (SRES A2, A1B and B1). For this analysis, I focused the study on the simulated ecological impacts under the three A2 scenarios. Historical observations and future climate scenarios were interpolated to the 800-meter grid by the PRISM model. MC1, a systems-based DGVM, compared favorably to observed data for simulations of vegetation distribution and annual streamflow. MC1 slightly overestimated annual production in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains and underestimated it in the Coast Range and Eastern Cascades. MC1 displayed a low bias for annual area burned and high bias for pyrogenic emissions. Validation of simulated model output was complicated because MC1 does not consider the effects of land management on ecosystems and the study region is heavily-impacted by development, logging, fire suppression, grazing and pre-European, indigenous land-use and burning. Under all future climate projections, an increase in growing season length and temperature led to the replacement of tundra and subalpine vegetation types with temperate conifer forest. Increased winter minimum temperatures promoted the expansion of mixed needleleaf-broadleaf forest, particularly in the mid-elevations of the Sierra Nevada and in coastal forests. In the MIROC3.2 and HadCM3 scenarios, ecosystem-level net primary productivity (NPP) did not increase with enhanced CO2 fertilization because production remained limited by water, even though both NPP and water-use-efficiency were increased at the leaf level in proportion to CO2 concentration. Increases in NPP were projected in CSIRO-Mk3, but increased precipitation and warmer temperatures also increased rates of heterotrophic respiration for no net gain in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Fire extent and severity increased in all scenarios, mostly driven by significant decreases in mountainous snowpack and earlier snowmelt. Thus, a relatively constant NEP and increased fire emissions produced decreases in total ecosystem carbon across all future scenarios. Projected annual streamflow varied between future climate scenarios and was highly influenced by projected precipitation. In all future simulations, high-elevation mountainous landscapes were highly sensitive to projected changes in climate, largely attributable to an increased growing season and temperature, decreased snowpack and reduced fire return interval. Coastal forests were also highly susceptible to changes in vegetation type and increases in fire. Several sources contribute to uncertainty in MC1, including input datasets, model assumptions, uncertainties in ecosystem science, and questions of scale. Therefore, these results should be considered preliminary, but useful in suggesting a range of plausible ecological futures as we continue to refine model capabilities.